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Karpathy Formalizes 'Software 3.0': Automating What Humans Can Verify
Andrej Karpathy published his Sequoia Ascent talk summary on June 17, formalizing 'Software 3.0': where 1.0 automates what humans can specify as rules and 2.0 automates what we can describe with training data, 3.0 automates what humans can verify — anything checkable by a test suite, game score, or proof checker. He pins December 2025 as the inflection point when agentic coding crossed from experimental to reliable. The actionable takeaway for builders: design workflows around verifiability — invest in tests, evals, and checkable specs, because that is now the boundary of what you can safely hand to an agent.
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