EM Injection Upconverts Low-Frequency Secrets Into Measurable Leakage Through Ordinary Amplifiers and ADCs

arXiv 2609.04785·low signalXBlueskyLinkedInCopy link

arXiv 2609.04785 treats electromagnetic injection and EM side-channel leakage as one closed loop rather than two separate threats to integrity and confidentiality. Theoretical modeling and measurements show nonlinear hardware components that are everywhere, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters and power converters, modulate secret electrical signals onto an injected EM carrier, upconverting low-frequency secrets into emissions an attacker can actually measure. Tuning injection frequency and amplitude lets an adversary actively shape the spectrum and entropy of the leakage, demonstrated in an InjectEave attack eavesdropping on audio through wired and wireless headphones.