An ICML position paper says every agent framework reimplemented an operating system badly.

arXiv 2609.19203, with Ian Foster among the authors, argues MCP and A2A solved connectivity while leaving each framework to embed its own implicit runtime for state, memory, budgets and guardrails, making agent behavior non-portable and governance brittle. Their proposal is a Foundation Model Operating System virtualizing model interactions the way a VM abstracts hardware, orchestrating memory tiers, model selection, resource allocation, verification and policy internally. arXiv