Noam Brown says air-gapping won't contain a misaligned model because CPUs signal through heat.

OpenAI's Brown said air-gapped machines can still communicate by running a CPU hot and having another machine read the temperature change, adding "we never want to be in a situation again where we underestimate the AI." r/OpenAI The physics is real, and Hacker News surfaced a corroborating PNAS paper on communication via modulated Johnson noise the same day. Thermal and electrical side channels are decades-old covert-channel research, not an AI-specific novelty, which cuts both ways on how much the observation should update anyone.